> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://doc.thordata.com/doc/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://doc.thordata.com/doc/scraping/serp-api/query-parameters/google/google-scholar.md).

# Google Scholar

#### SERP API Google Query Parameters

Configure Google Scholar queries using Thordata’s SERP API, including localization parameters, geotargeting,search type pagination, advanced parameter and "advanced filters" output options.

<details>

<summary><strong><code>q</code> ,</strong>Search Query<strong>(Required)</strong></summary>

Define the search query used for data scraping (Default value: `q=pizza`). Any keywords in any language are supported.

**Example Request:**\
Example using the parameter `q`: pizza

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1"
```

</details>

## Localization

<details>

<summary><strong><code>hl</code> ,</strong>Language<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Set the interface language for search results (default value: `en`). Adopt standard language code formats (e.g., `en`, `es`, `zh-CN`).

For the complete list of supported language codes, please refer to: [Google Language Codes](https://developers.google.com/google-ads/api/docs/start).

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`hl`: <mark style="color:blue;">es</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "hl=es"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><strong><code>lr</code> ,</strong>Set Multiple Languages<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Filters results by language using `lang_XX` codes (e.g., `lang_fr|lang_de`). If the `hl` parameter is used simultaneously, this parameter will override `hl`.

The `hl` and `lr` parameters can be used together, but the actual effect is prioritized by the `lr` parameter.

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`lr`: <mark style="color:blue;">lang\_en|lang\_fr</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "lr=lang_fr|lang_en"
```

</details>

## Geographical Location

<details>

<summary><strong><code>location</code> ,</strong>Location<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Simulate initiating a search from an exact location, which must be used in conjunction with the `uule` parameter. If not specified, the geographical location of the proxy server may be adopted.

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`location`:<mark style="color:blue;">India</mark>,`uule`:<mark style="color:blue;">w+CAIQICIFSW5kaWE</mark>

```
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "location=India" \
 -d "uule=w+CAIQICIFSW5kaWE"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><strong><code>uule</code> ,</strong>Encoded Location<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Encode the target geographical `location` using Base64, which must be used in conjunction with the location parameter.

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`location`:<mark style="color:blue;">India</mark>,`uule`:<mark style="color:blue;">w+CAIQICIFSW5kaWE</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "location=India" \
 -d "uule=w+CAIQICIFSW5kaWE"
```

</details>

## Search Types

<details>

<summary><strong><code>as_sdt</code> ,</strong>Search type<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

This parameter can be used as a search type or a filter. As a filter (valid only when searching for articles): `0` - Exclude patents (default): `7` - Include patents. As a search type: `4` - Select Case Law (US courts only). This will select all state and federal courts.

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`as_sdt`:<mark style="color:blue;">4</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "as_sdt=4"
```

</details>

## Pagination

<details>

<summary><strong><code>start</code> ,</strong>Result offset<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Parameter defines the result offset. It skips the given number of results. It's used for pagination. (e.g., `0` (default) is the first page of results, `10` is the 2nd page of results, `20` is the 3rd page of results, etc.).\
\
Google Local Results only accepts multiples of `20`(e.g. `20` for the second page results, `40` for the third page results, etc.) as the start value.

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`start`:<mark style="color:blue;">30</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "start=30"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><strong><code>num</code> ,</strong>Number of results per page<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

This parameter defines the maximum number of results returned per page in the search results. For example, setting it to 10 means 10 results will be returned.

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`num`:<mark style="color:blue;">20</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "num=20"
```

</details>

## Advanced Parameters

<details>

<summary><code>cites</code> <strong>,</strong>Cited By<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Parameter defines unique ID for an article to trigger Cited By searches. Usage of `cites` will bring up a list of citing documents in Google Scholar. Example value: `cites=1275980731835430123`. Usage of `cites` and `q` parameters triggers search within citing articles.

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`cites`:1275980731835430123

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "cites=1275980731835430123"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><code>as_ylo</code> <strong>,</strong>From Year<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

This parameter defines the year you want to include results. This parameter can be used in conjunction with the `as_yhi` parameter.

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`as_ylo`:<mark style="color:blue;">2022</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "as_ylo=2022"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><code>as_yhi</code> <strong>,</strong>To Year<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

This parameter defines the year you want to include results. This parameter can be used in conjunction with the `as_ylo` parameter.

**Code Example:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`as_ylo`:<mark style="color:blue;">2025</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "as_ylo=2022" \
 -d "as_yhi=2025"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><code>scisbd</code> <strong>,</strong>Sort By Date<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

This parameter defines articles added in the last year, sorted by date. Can be set to `1` to include abstracts only, or `2` to include all content. The default value is `0`, which means articles are sorted by relevance.

**Code Example:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`cisbd`:<mark style="color:blue;">1</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "scisbd=1"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><code>cluster</code><strong>,</strong>Versions Of<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Parameter defines unique ID for an article to trigger All Versions searches. Example value: `cluster=1275980731835430123`. Usage of `cluster` together with `q` and `cites` parameters is prohibited. Use cluster parameter only.

**Code Example:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`cluster`:1275980731835430123

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "cluster=1275980731835430123"
```

</details>

## Advanced Filters

<details>

<summary><code>safe</code> <strong>,</strong>Adult Content Filtering<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Filters adult content:

* `safe=active` – Strict filtering (default)
* `safe=off` – No filtering

**Example Request:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`safe`:<mark style="color:blue;">active</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "safe=active"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><code>nfpr</code> <strong>,</strong>Exclude Auto-corrected Results<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Define whether to disable automatic spelling correction. For example, with `nfpr=1`, searching for "googl" will not be automatically corrected to "google".

**Code Example:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`nfpr`:<mark style="color:blue;">sur:f</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "nfpr=1"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><code>filter</code> <strong>,</strong>Results Filtering<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

Define duplicate removal results: `1` (enable), `0` (disable).

**Code Example:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`filter`:1

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "filter=1"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><code>as_vis</code> <strong>,</strong>Show Citations<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

This parameter defines whether you want to include citations. You can set it to `1` to exclude these results, or `0` (default) to include them.

**Code Example:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`as_vis`:<mark style="color:blue;">1</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "as_vis=1"
```

</details>

<details>

<summary><code>as_rr</code> <strong>,</strong>Show Only Review Articles<strong>(Optional)</strong></summary>

This parameter defines whether you want to display only comment articles (those that contain comments on the topic, or discuss the work or author you searched for). You can set `1` to enable this filter, or `0` (default) to display all results.

**Code Example:**

Example results for `q` : <mark style="color:blue;">pizza</mark>,`as_rr`:<mark style="color:blue;">1</mark>

```sh
curl -X POST https://scraperapi.thordata.com/request \
 -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
 -d "engine=google_scholar" \
 -d "q=pizza" \
 -d "json=1" \
 -d "as_rr=1"
```

</details>

For further assistance, contact us at **<support@thordata.com>**.